Equality of Power Relations between Digital Platforms and Gig Workers: Implications for Decent Work

Abstract

The rapid growth of the gig economy in Indonesia and globally has created new employment opportunities through digital platforms that offer flexibility and easy access to labor markets. Behind this flexibility lies unequal power between platforms and gig workers, dominated and controlled by digital platforms. This condition raises serious questions about the fulfillment of the Decent Work principles promoted by the International Labor Organization (ILO). This study aims to analyze the asymmetrical power relations between digital platforms and gig workers, and their implications for decent work indicators. The research applies a systematic Literature Review (SLR) and case study approach, reviewing journal articles, policy documents, and research reports published between 2015 – 2025. Findings reveal three major dimensions of power inequality: (1) how do digital platforms exercise power and control over gig workers through algorithmic management? (2) How do unequal power relations affect decent work, especially regarding fair income, job security, social protection,
and collective representation opportunities? (3) What regulatory, institutional, or collective strategies can enhance power balance and promote decent work for gig workers in Indonesia? This condition has a direct impact on the low principles of decent work, especially in terms of job security, living wages, and social protection. In conclusion, the gig economy presents new opportunities for working, but also presents a significant form of unequal power relations between asymmetrical digital platforms and gig workers. Thus, unequal power emerges as platforms dominate, while gig workers remain subordinate, adapting to opaque and restrictive digital controls.