Designing An Equitable Partnership: Ensuring Social Protection for Gig Workers in The Online Transportation Sector

Abstract

The development of the digital economy has transformed employment relations in Indonesia through the emergence of the gig economy. One of the most prominent forms is the online two-wheeled transportation sector, where the relationship between app companies and drivers is constructed as a partnership. This model promises flexibility and income opportunities, but fails to guarantee basic worker rights in the form of social protection. This study aims to answer two main questions: (1) why partnership patterns in the online two-wheeled transportation industry fail to guarantee social protection for drivers; and (2) how to design a just partnership model that can provide adequate social protection. Using a qualitative approach with a case study of PT Go-Jek Indonesia and supported by quantitative data from surveys in Jakarta and Bandar Lampung, this study found that the lack of regulation, unclear legal status, and asymmetric information between companies and driver partners are the main causes of weak social protection. Internal programs such as work accident insurance and access to microfinance do not meet formal worker protection standards. This study proposes a Just Partnership Model through cross-ministerial regulatory intervention, mandatory social security participation for gig workers, and the establishment of a tripartite partnership council. The state needs to be present to ensure that the digital economy is not only efficient, but also fair and protects workers.