Building Ride-Hailing Drivers’ Resilience: Precariation, Legal Guarantess and Trade Union Negotiations
Keywords:
Digital Competitiveness Index Resilience Development Model Ride-Hailing Worker Vulnerability and ResilienceAbstract
This article will focus on finding a model for building ride-hailing worker resilience. This study was conducted through a comparison of policies and vulnerability and resilience of ride-hailing drivers in 4 countries as an effort to find a resilience model for ride-hailing drivers in Indonesia. The comparison was conducted in countries with categories according to the Digital Competitiveness Index or DCI (Standout, Stallout, Breakout and Watchout) which are represented by Singapore, Belgium, India and South Africa respectively. The research method used is a mixed-method: quantitative with a composite score from 0-1 with desk review and statutory research. This study argues that the vulnerability and resilience of ride-hailing workers are determined by 3 main hypotheses: (1) that the precariat factor is the biggest contributor to the vulnerability of ride-hailing drivers’; (2) vulnerability and resilience are not determined by the level of the Digital Competitive Index and (3) the higher the value of legal protection, the greater the resilience value for ride-hailing drivers. Thus, the writing will take the context of the driver as a worker by taking into account 3 variables that influence these dynamics: precarity, legal guarantees and negotiations.
References
Brown, R. C. (2020). Ride-Hailing Driv Ride-Hailing Drivers as ers as Autonomous Independent Contr Autonomous IndependentContractors: Let ors: Let Them Bargain! Washington International Law Journal, 29(3), 533-576. https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1845&context=wilj
Chalermpong, S., Kato, H., & Thaithatkul, P.(2023). Ride-hailing applications in Southeast Asia: A literature review. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 17(2023), 298-318. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15568318.2022.2032885
CNA. (2024). Commentary: Is Singapore's complaint culture helping us or hurting us? CNA. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/singapore-complaint-culture-habit-happiness-social-media-4026816
Dentons. (2024). Employment law update: Platform Workers Bill passed in Parliament. Dentons. https://dentons.rodyk.com/en/insights/alerts/2024/october/10/employment-law-update-platform-workers-bill-passed-in-parliament
ELA. (2020). Report – Undeclared work in collaborative economy and bogus self-employed (BSE). https://www.ela.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2021-09/Report%20UDW%20in%20collaborative%20economy%20and%20BSE.pdf
Encyclopedia.com. (2024.). Putting-out system. In Encyclopedia of Sociology. Retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/putting-out-system
IMD. (2024). World Digital Competitiveness Ranking 2024 - IMD business school for management and leadership courses. IMD Business School. https://www.imd.org/centers/wcc/world-competitiveness-center/rankings/world-digital-competitiveness-ranking/
Indikator "Average hours per week per employed person" dalam Global Life-Work Balance Index. (2024). Global Life-Work Balance Index 2024. Remote. https://remote.com/resources/research/global-life-work-balance-index Indikator "Civic Space" dalam CIVICUS Monitor. (2023). CIVICUS Monitor. People Power Under Attack. https://civicusmonitor.contentfiles.net/media/documents/GlobalFindings2023.pdf
Indikator "Civil Liberties" dalam Democracy Index EIU. (2023). Democracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf. Economist Intelligence Unit. https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ- 438/images/Democracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf
Indikator "Freedom of Association" dalam Labour Rights Index. (2024). Labour Rights Index 2024. Labour Rights Index. https://labourrightsindex.org/lri-2024-documents/lri-2024-complete-3- oct-
2024_compressed.pdf
Indikator "Freewages" dalam Labour Rights Index. (n.d.). Labour Rights Index 2024. Labour Rights Index. https://labourrightsindex.org/lri-2024-documents/lri-2024-complete-3-oct-2024_compressed.pdf
Indikator "Fundamental Rights" dalam Rule of Law Index. (2024). World Justice Project. WJP Rule of Law Index. https://worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index/global/2024/Peru/Fundamental%20Rights
Indikator "Part-time workers have the right to equal treatment with full-time worker" dalam CBR Labour Regulation Index. (2022). CBRLabour Regulation Index (Dataset of 117 Countries, 1970-2022). CBR Labour Regulation Index (CBR-LRI). https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/api/core/bitstreams/b6cdaeab-2012-4d49-8d8c-e15fd4d359d4/content
Indikator "The Law Determining the Legal Status" dalam CBR Labour Regulation Index. (2022). CBR Labour Regulation Index (Dataset of 117 Countries, 1970-2022). CBR Labour Regulation Index (CBR-LRI). https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/api/core/bitstreams/b6cdaeab-2012- 4d49-8d8c-e15fd4d359d4/content
Indikator "Transport-related injuries" dalam Social Progress Index. (2024). Global Social Progress Index. Social Progress Imperative. https://www.socialprogress.org/social-progress-index
IPS Working Paper. (2022). IPS Working Paper No. 47 — Current Realities, Social Protection and Future Needs of Platform FoodDelivery Workers in Singapore. IPS Working Paper. https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/ips/news/details/ips-working-paper-no.-47-current-realities-social-
protection-and-future-needs-of-platform-food-delivery-workers-in-singapore
Kadolkar, I., Kepes, S., & Subramony, M. (2024). Algorithmic management in the gig economy: A systematic review and researchintegration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2831
Kincaid, R., & Reynolds, J. (2023). Unconventional Work, Conventional Problems: Gig Microtask Work, Inequality, and the FlexibilityMystique. The Sociological Quarterly, 65(2024), 246-268. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00380253.2023.2268679
Mare, A., Chiumbu, S., & Mpofu, S. (2020). Investigating Labor Policy Frameworks for Ride-Hailing Platforms. IT for Change. https://projects.itforchange.net/platformpolitics/wp- content/uploads/2020/04/South-Africa-PDF.pdf
MoM. (2023). Occupational Progressive Wages for administrators and drivers. Ministry of Manpower Singapore. https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/progressive-wage-model/occupational-pws-for-administrators-and-drivers
Ribbans, D., Tsibolane, P., Nkohla-Ramuneyiwa, T., & Belle, J.-P. V. (2024). Driven to the brink: Understanding digital labour platform precarity among UberGo e-hailing drivers. ACM Digital Librarty. https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3572334.3572374
SIA. (2023). World Bank estimates there are 435 million online gig workers globally. Staffing Industry Analysts. https://www2.staffingindustry.com/eng/Editorial/Daily-News/World-Bank- estimates-there-are-435-million-online-gig-workers-globally-66766
Standing, G. (2011). The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. Bloomsbury Publishing. https://www.hse.ru/data/2013/01/28/1304836059/Standing.%20The_Precariat The_New_Dangerous_Class -Bloomsbury_USA(2011).pdf
Vu, A. N., & Nguyen, D. L. (2024). The gig economy: The precariat in a climate precarious world. World Development Perspectives, 34(2024), 1-6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S245229292400033X
World Bank. (2023). Demand for Online Gig Work Rapidly Rising in Developing Countries. World Bank.https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/09/07/demand-for-online-gig-work-rapidly-rising-in-developing-countries
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesia Forum on Labour and Productivity
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.