Gig Workers’ Legal Challenges in Indonesia: Employment Status and Collective Rights in the Post-Reformulated Job Creation Law Era
Keywords:
gig economy gig workers Collective rights Right to organize EmploymentAbstract
The emergence of the gig economy concept has revolutionized the dynamics of employment relationships while presenting new challenges in the world of labor. The increasing number of gig workers in Indonesia has led to significant legal ambiguity, particularly regarding the fulfillment of workers' collective rights. This ambiguity arises because the labor law framework is still oriented towards conventional employment relationships. As a result, platforms classify workers solely as “partners,” without considering basic employment rights. This condition automatically raises the urgency of a comprehensive discussion on the fulfillment of the rights to organize, and obtain social security, which are explicitly guaranteed by the constitution. Therefore, this article examines the legal challenges faced by gig workers in the era after the reformulation of the Job Creation Law due to the ambiguity of their employment status. The study focuses on the tension between non-standard work arrangements and constitutional guarantees as stipulated in 1945 Constitution. Through a normative legal research method that examines the imbalance between regulations and the implementation of gig workers' rights, this study utilizes an analysis of relevant laws, government regulations, and jurisprudence, and is reinforced by a theoretical foundation regarding the principles of employment relationships and collective rights. The results of this study show that gig workers are still in a legal gray area, not fully recognized as formal workers, have minimal social protection, and are limited in exercising their collective rights. Therefore, this study recommends regulatory changes so that digital platform-based workers can be formally recognized, the right to organize can be expanded, and regulatory instruments can be strengthened to keep pace with developments in the digital economy. These recommendations are expected to provide a clearer legal framework for policymakers while enriching the academic discourse on labor law in the era of digital transformation.
References
Aditya, T. (n.d.). Ekonomi Gig: Pekerjaan Serabutan Penuh Ketidakpastian? https://www.dw.com/id/ekonomi-gig-pekerjaan-serabutan-penuh-ketidakpastian/a-71071164?utm_source
Annazah, N. S., Tobing, H., & Habibi, N. (n.d.). Perlindungan Hukum dan Sosial bagi Pekerja Gig : Membangun Kerangka Regulasi yang Inklusif bagi Pekerja Ojek Online di Indonesia. 1–42.
Aulia, M. Z. (2018). Hukum Progresif dari Satjipto Rahardjo. Undang: Jurnal Hukum, 1(1), 159–185. https://doi.org/10.22437/ujh.1.1.159-185
Chodijah, S., & Fergiawan, M. R. (2022). Solidaritas sosial komunitas pengemudi ojek online. Panengen: Journal of Indigenous Knowledge, 1(1), 42–51.
Crawford, A. (1996). The spirit of community: rights, responsibilities, and the communitarian agenda.
Dwi Novemyanto, A., & Nur, R. (2025). Rekognisi Status dan Perlindungan Hukum Pekerja Gig Economy : Tinjauan Tuntutan Kolektif Pengemudi Ojek Online di Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Pelita, 6(1), 211–224.
Freedland, M. & Kountouris, N. (2011). The Legal Construction of Personal Work Relations. Oxford University Press.
Hayati, M. (2021). Maladministrasi dalam Tindakan Pemerintah. Wasaka Hukum, 9(1), 113.
Hukum, J., & Quia, I. U. S. (2024). Kepastian Hukum vs Ketidakpastian Kerja : Substansi Ketenagakerjaan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Cipta Kerja Nabiyla
Risfa Izzati Departemen Perdata , Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta , Indonesia , [email protected] , ORCID ID 0000-0002-7985-5014 PENDAHULUAN Pada akhir 2022 lalu , Pemerintah menggegerkan publik dengan mengeluarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja ( Perppu 2 / 2022 ). Secara garis besar , isi dari Perppu 2 / 2022 mirip dengan substansi Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja ( UU 11 / 2020 ) yang pada November 2021 telah dinyatakan inkonstitusional oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi . Sebagaimana dapat diduga , diterbitkannya beleid ini memunculkan kontroversi di masyarakat . Berbagai pakar hukum tata negara bahkan secara tegas mengkritik kemunculan Perppu 2 / 2022 karena dianggap tidak memenuhi syarat kegentingan memaksa yang dapat dijadikan alasan untuk menerbitkan Perppu . 1 Isi Perppu yang secara umum sama dengan UU 11 / 2020 , membuat para ahli merasa bahwa Perppu ini hanya merupakan manuver pemerintah untuk melanggengkan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja tanpa melewati prosedur revisi undang-undang yang seyogyanya melalui legislasi . 2 Diluar perdebatan tentang kegentingan memaksa , serta argumentasi bahwa pemerintah telah melangkahi Mahkamah Konstitusi dengan disahkannya Perppu 2 / 2022 3 , Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat telah mengundangkan Perppu 2 / 2022 menjadi Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja menjadi Undang-Undang ( UU 6 / 2023 ). Permasalahannya , isi dari UU 6 / 2023 yang tidak ketenagakerjaan di UU 6 / 2023 . 4 Pemerintah berdalih bahwa keberadaan UU 6 / 2023 untuk menjamin kepastian hukum . 5 Menteri Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian , menyebut bahwa beleid ini dibuat untuk memberikan kepastian hukum bagi. 31(September), 384–407.
Indra, & Nawangsari, S. A. (2025). Legal Protection for Gig Economy Workers from the Perspective of Labor Law in Indonesia. Hakim: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Sosial, 3(1), 937–954. https://doi.org/10.51903/hakim.v3i1.2289
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2021). World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The Role of Digital Labour Platforms in Transforming the World of Work.
John Rawls. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press.
Law, F. (2024). Digital Labour Platformer ’ s Legal Status and Decent Working Conditions : European Union and Indonesian Perspective. VII(40), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v7i1.10366
Lesmana, S. J., & Samudra, M. M. (2025). Legal Protection of Gig Economy Workers : A Comparative Study in Indonesia , Malaysia , and Singapore. 31(3), 201–218.
Marzuki, P. M. (2005). Penelitian Hukum.
Muhammad, A. (2004). Hukum dan Penelitian Hukum. 8(1), 134.
Muhyiddin, M., Annazah, N. S., Henriko Tobing, H., Habibi, N., Fauziyah, F., & Harsiwie, R. I. P. (2024). The Ambiguity of Employment Relationship in Indonesia’s Gig Economy: A Study of Online Motorcycle Taxi Drivers. Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 19(3), 262–280. https://doi.org/10.47198/jnaker.v19i3.416
Mukti Fajar, & Achmad, Y. (2017). Dualisme Penelitian Hukum Normatif & Empiris.
Perdana, G. A., & Satory, A. (2025). Analisis Yuridis Kedudukan Pengemudi Ojek dan Kurir Online: Antara Mitra atau Pekerja Harian Lepas. Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 6(5), 2661–2679. https://doi.org/10.59141/japendi.v6i5.7843
Prassl, J. (2018). Humans as a Service: The Promise and Perils of Work in the Gig Economy. Oxford University Press.
Rahman, R. A., Hadju, J., & Prabowo, V. N. (2024). Digital Labour Platformer’s Legal Status and Decent Working Conditions: European Union and Indonesian Perspective. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 7(1), 157–175.
Rahmawati, D., & Suryanto, B. (2023). UU Cipta Kerja dan Tantangan Perlindungan Pekerja Platform di Indonesia. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia. 20(3), 221–228.
Rakhmayanti, I. (2024). Driver Ojol Ancam Bakal Demo Besar-Besaran Lagi, Ini Alasannya. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20240905180257-37-569508/driver-ojol-ancam-bakal-demo-besar-besaran-lagi-ini-alasannya?utm_source
Sandy, I. G. (2025). Perlindungan Hak Pekerja Gig Economy melalui Perspektif Hukum Ketenagakerjaan. Nomos: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Hukum, 5(1), 127–134.
Santoso, B., Hitaningtyas, R. D. P., & Nugroho, S. S. P. (2023). Karakteristik Hubungan Hukum Antara Pengemudi Ojek Online Dan Perusahaan Aplikasi. Masalah-Masalah Hukum, 52(2), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.52.2.2023.174-186
Saputra, A. F. (2022). Partnership Consultation: An Alternative Solution to the Nonexistent Collective Bargaining Right in the Indonesian Ride Hailing Gig Economy Sector. Yuridika, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Airlangga, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v37i1.34599
Satjipto Rahardjo. (2022). Reorientasi Hukum Ketenagakerjaan di Era Platform Digital. Jurnal RechtsVinding, 11(2), 457–459. https://rechtsvinding.bphn.go.id/jurnal/reorientasi-hukum-ketenagakerjaan-era-digital
Schultz, M.D., Slee, P., & Rendtorf, J. D. (2020). Handbook of Business Legitimacy.
Sitorus, A. A., & Kornitasari, Y. (2024). Analisis Tingkat Kesejahteraan Pekerja Gig Di Indonesia. Journal of Development Economic and Social Studies, 3(2), 537–551. https://doi.org/10.21776/jdess.2024.03.2.16
Sphere, P. (1991). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society Jiirgen Habermas translated by T h o m a s Burger with the assistance of Frederick Lawrence.
Stevania, M., & Hoesin, S. H. (2024). Analisis Kepastian Hukum Jaminan Sosial Ketenagakerjaan Bagi Gig Worker Pada Era Gig Economy Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum, 11(2), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.31289/jiph.v11i2.11968
Stevania, M., & Hosein, S. H. (2024). Analisis Kepastian Hukum Jaminan Sosial Ketenagakerjaan Bagi Gig Worker Pada Era Gig Economy di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum, 11(2), 268. https://doi.org/10.31289/jiph.v11i2.11968
Suhartadi, I. (2024). Investor Daily. https://investor.id/business/390845/pekerja-di-sektor-gig-membutuhkan-jaminan-sosial-berbasis-kontribusi?utm_source
Syahputra, R. (2023). Ini Alasan Utama Ribuan Driver Ojol Demo Besar-Besaran Di Indonesia. FTNews, 2.
Tan, D. (2021). A Brave New Frontier in the Dichotomous Indonesian Labour Law: GIG Economy, Platform Paradox and Workers. Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada, 33(1), 25.
Tronsor William, J. (2018). Unions for Workers in the Gig Economy: Time for a New Labor Movement. Labor Law Journal, 69(4).
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan (2003).
Wibowo, S. G., & Susanto, F. (2025). Legal Protection for Gig Workers in the Digital Economy : A Critical Review of Labor Relations in Indonesia. 3(03), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.58812/eslhr.v3i03
Wood, A. J., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good Gig , Bad Gig : Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017018785616
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesia Forum on Labour and Productivity
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.